K/U: Knowledge and Understanding T/I: Thinking and Investigation C: Communication A: Application
For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives.
1. How many chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell? (4.1) K/U (a) 6 (b) 32 (c) 46 (d) 78
2. Which process is an example of asexual reproduction? (4.1) K/U (a) a plant producing seeds (b) a bird attracting a mate (c) a protist undergoing mitosis and cytokinesis (d) a dog giving birth to a litter of puppies
3. During which part of the cell cycle is genetic material duplicated? (4.2) K/U (a) anaphase (b) interphase (c) metaphase (d) prophase
4. From which group of organisms is an individual least likely to undergo asexual reproduction? (4.2) K/U (a) fungi (b) plants (c) protists (d) vertebrates
5. The process of oogenesis results in which products? (4.3) K/U (a) 4 egg cells (b) 4 sperm cells (c) 1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies (d) 1 sperm cell and 3 polar bodies
6. Chromatids from homologous chromosomes may break and recombine during which phase of meiosis? (4.3) K/U (a) prophase I (b) anaphase I (c) metaphase II (d) telophase II
7. Which genetic disorder occurs when an individual has an extra copy of chromosome 21? (4.4) K/U (a) Down syndrome (b) Edward syndrome (c) Klinefelter syndrome (d) Turner syndrome
8. An adult human with a non-disjunction disorder can have (a) 22 chromosomes (b) 46 chromosomes (c) 47 chromosomes (d) none of the above (4.4) K/U
9. Which of the following is an example of horizontal gene transfer? (4.5) K/U (a) Scientists breed pandas using in vitro fertilization technology. (b) A male human inherits cytoplasmic DNA only from his mother. (c) Two daughter cells receive identical genetic information from a parent cell. (d) A sea slug acquires genetic information from algae that it consumes.
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true.
10. A typical gene has hundreds, or even thousands, of chromosomes. (4.1) K/U
11. Generally, offspring produced by sexual reproduction have greater genetic variation than offspring produced by asexual reproduction. (4.1) K/U
12. The cytoplasm of a cell is divided and organelles are distributed among two daughter cells during cytokinesis. (4.2) K/U
13. Sister chromatids contain two chromosomes that contain different genetic information and are held together at the centromere. (4.2) K/U
14. Autosomes are sex chromosomes. (4.3) K/U
15. A hermaphroditic species contains individuals that produce both male and female sex cells. (4.3) K/U
16. When non-disjunction occurs during meiosis, each gamete receives an extra copy of one chromosome. (4.4) K/U
17. Organisms that reproduce asexually inherit half their genetic information from one parent. (4.1) K/U
18. Gametogenesis produces sex cells with half the number of chromosomes as a body cell. (4.3) K/U
19. The mitochondria in a human cell contain a small amount of DNA that was copied from the DNA in the cell nucleus. (4.5) K/U
20. Horizontal gene transfer involves the movement of genetic information during crossing over. (4.5) K/U
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CHAPTER 4 REVIEW
Key:
T/I: Thinking and Investigation K/U: Knowledge and Understanding C: Communications A: Application
Knowledge
For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives.
1. In what process are traits passed from parent to offspring? (4.1) K/U (a) heredity (b) genetics (c) fragmentation (d) cytokinesis
2. Which structure carries genetic information for a trait? (4.1) K/U (a) a gene (b) a chromosome (c) a genome (d) a DNA molecule
3. During interphase, what form does the genetic material in the cell take? (4.2) K/U (a) sister chromatids (b) spindle fibres (c) chromatin (d) homologous chromosomes
4. Which of the following may contain DNA from two different species? (4.2) K/U (a) animals produced by cloning (b) offspring of sexual reproduction (c) genetically modified organisms (d) daughter cells produced by mitotic division
5. Which type of organism has individuals of separate sexes and undergoes internal fertilization during the process of sexual reproduction? (4.3) K/U (a) earthworm (b) Canada goose (c) giant clam (d) willow tree
6. The somatic cells of a dog each contain 78 chromosomes. What is (are) the product(s) of gametogenesis in a male dog? (4.3) K/U (a) 1 sex cell containing 39 chromosomes (b) 2 sex cells, each containing 78 chromosomes (c) 4 sex cells, each containing 39 chromosomes (d) 4 sex cells, each containing 78 chromosomes
7. In humans, spermatogenesis and oogenesis are similar in that they both involve meiosis. How do they differ? (4.3) K/U (a) Spermatogenesis produces 4 functioning cells and oogenesis produces only 1 functioning cell. (b) Spermatogenesis produces cells with less cytoplasm. (c) Oogenesis produces cells that cannot move on their own. (d) all of the above
8. An individual with the genetic abnormality known as monosomy has (a) only one chromosome (b) an extra chromosome (c) a missing chromosome (d) only one gene in each chromosome (4.4) K/U
9. Human zygotes receive mitochondria from (a) only the egg cell (b) only the sperm cell (c) both the egg and the sperm cell (d) neither the egg cell nor the sperm cell (4.5) K/U
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true.
10. A human body cell has 46 chromosomes. (4.1) K/U
11. Some organisms reproduce by cell division alone. (4.1) K/U
12. Budding is a form of sexual reproduction. (4.2) K/U
13. Cell division has two stages: mitosis and cytokinesis. (4.2) K/U
14. During meiosis I, sister chromatids are separated. (4.3) K/U
15. A picture of chromosomes arranged by size, number, or shape is called a tetrad. (4.3) K/U
16. Some genetic disorders can be detected before birth by prenatal testing. (4.4) K/U
17. Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce independently of the cell in which they are found. (4.5) K/U
18. Maternal inheritance refers to inheritance in which offspring inherit all their cytoplasmic DNA from the female gamete. (4.5) K/U
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right.
19. (a) Down syndrome (b) Edward syndrome (c) Klinefelter syndrome (d) Turner syndrome (e) Patau syndrome
(i) trisomy of chromosome 18 (ii) trisomy of chromosome 21 (iii) one X and no Y sex chromosome (iv) trisomy of chromosome 13 (v) two X and one Y sex chromosomes (4.4)
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20. (a) anaphase I (b) metaphase II (c) prophase I (d) telophase II
(i) each sister chromatid undergoes synapsis with a sister chromatid from its matching homologous chromosome (ii) completion of the second nuclear division (iii) chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids, line up across the middle of the cell (iv) reduction division occurs (4.3) K/U
Write a short answer to each question.
21. What term describes a cell with three or more sets of chromosomes? (4.1) K/U
22. An adult mosquito has six chromosomes in each somatic cell. It mates with another adult to reproduce sexually. How many chromosomes do the offspring have in each somatic cell? (4.1) K/U
23. In an individual produced by sexual reproduction, what portion of the individual's genetic information comes from each parent? (4.1) K/U
24. What are the structures called "sister chromatids" that appear in a cell at the beginning of mitosis? (4.2) K/U
25. Explain how you might identify metaphase I if you were viewing cells with a microscope. (4.2) K/U
26. What technology are some people concerned will lead to the production of genetically identical humans chosen for certain desirable traits? (4.2) K/U
27. What is produced in the process of fertilization? (4.3) K/U
28. Describe the sex-determination system of earthworms. (4.3) K/U
29. What term describes a pair of chromosomes that are similar in size and shape and carry genetic information for the same genes? (4.3) K/U
30. What is the result of the process called crossing over? (4.3) K/U
31. Identify two types of organisms in which temperature affects sex determination. (4.3) K/U
32. Identify two general categories of problems that can lead to unsuccessful sexual reproduction. (4.4) K/U
33. Name two types of non-disjuntion disorders that can result during the formation of gametes. (4.4) K/U
34. Which type of assisted reproductive technology involves the placement of sperm into the reproductive tract of a female? (4.4) K/U
35. Name two genetic or congenital (birth) disorders that can be detected by analyzing the blood of the mother with a test known as multiple marker screening. (4.4) K/U
36. Name two cell organelles that contain cytoplasmic DNA. (4.5) K/U
37. What term describes the passing of genetic information from one species to another? (4.5) K/U
38. Explain the similarity between the locus of a gene and the street address of a home. (4.1) K/U
Understanding
39. (a) Describe one example of naturally occurring asexual reproduction. (b) Compare the genetic makeup of the offspring and parent in the example you provided. (4.1) T/I
40. (a) Describe one advantage of sexual reproduction. (b) Describe one disadvantage of sexual reproduction. (4.1) T/I
41. A student in a biology lab uses a microscope to observe a cell with stained chromosomes, as shown in Figure 1. The student uses a higher-power objective to confirm that each chromosome consists of a pair of sister chromatids. (4.2, 4.3) T/I C A (a) Identify the process (mitosis or meiosis) and the phase of the process that the student is observing. Provide reasoning for your answer. (b) Explain how you can identify the process and how you can determine the phase of the process.
Figure 1
Image: A picture showing a phase of a cell before splitting will occur.
42. The mechanism by which cytokinesis proceeds is slightly different in plant cells than it is in animal cells. (4.2) T/I A (a) Describe how cytokinesis proceeds in a typical animal cell. (b) Describe how cytokinesis proceeds in a typical plant cell. (c) Based on what you know about the structure of plant cells, explain why they cannot use the same method of cytokinesis that animal cells do.
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Key:
T/I: Thinking and Investigation K/U: Knowledge and Understanding C: Communications A: Application
43. Compare and contrast the types of individuals (male and female, hermaphrodite, or other), the types of gametes produced, and the fertilization methods of the following pairs of organisms. (4.3) K/U T/I (a) willow tree and bald eagle (b) giant clam and parrot fish
44. In most organisms, egg cells and sperm cells have differing characteristics. Compare and contrast the following characteristics of human egg and sperm cells. (4.3) K/U T/I (a) number of chromosomes they contain (b) ability to move independently (c) amount of nutrients they contain (d) number of sex cells produced during the human lifetime (e) stage of human life in which the sex cells are produced
45. Compare the sex-determination systems of the following paired groups of organisms, and identify the pair that has a greater similarity. Explain how you know. (4.3) T/I A (a) birds and turtles (b) birds and humans
46. Identify two mechanisms of meiosis that contribute to the genetic diversity of the gametes of an organism. Explain how they accomplish this. (4.3) T/I
47. Use Figure 2 to answer (a) and (b). (4.3) T/I C
Figure 2
Image: An illustration of oogenesis showing that it starts with 46 and then divides to two with 23 each and the first polar body on the right divides once more to make two more with 23 while the one on the left divides also to make two with 23 but one of them is an ovum.
(a) Describe the process shown by the diagram. (b) Name the two different products of the process, and explain what happens to each product.
48. (a) Draw a diagram that shows what happens when non-disjunction occurs during meiosis. (b) Explain what would happen if one of the resulting gametes joined with a normal gamete and developed into an individual. (4.4) T/I C
49. Identify and describe two factors that increase the chance of a human offspring inheriting the genetic characteristic for Down syndrome. (4.4) K/U A
50. Compare and contrast the following aspects of Turner syndrome and Kleinfelter syndrome. (4.4) K/U T/I (a) number and type of sex chromosomes in the cells of affected individuals (b) the cause of these disorders (c) characteristics of affected individuals
51. Women who have an increased risk of conceiving babies with genetic abnormalities may seek prenatal screening to gain information that can be used to determine whether a fetus has a genetic abnormality. (4.4) K/U T/I A (a) Explain how fetal cells can be sampled and tested for genetic abnormalities. (b) Explain how a blood sample from the mother can be used for prenatal testing. (c) Compare the benefits and risks of these two types of procedures.
52. Identify two reasons why zookeepers frequently use artificial insemination in the breeding of zoo animals. (4.4) K/U
53. Explain why DNA from mitochondria can provide information about a person's maternal lineage, but not about a person's paternal lineage. (4.4, 4.5) T/I A
54. A eukaryotic organism reproduces asexually by mitotic division. (4.1, 4.5) T/I (a) Explain why the nuclear DNA of the offspring will most likely be identical to that of the parent. (b) Explain why the cytoplasmic DNA of the offspring may not be identical to that of the parent.
55. The mitochondria in your body cells contain a relatively small number of genes. (4.5) T/I (a) Explain why your mitochondria contain their own genes. (b) Describe how you inherited these mitochondrial genes.
56. Describe the process of DNA egg swapping. Identify the types of diseases it could be used to prevent. (4.5) K/U
Application
57. A biologist used the following phrase to describe a form of reproduction: "Costly to individuals; beneficial to species." T/I A (a) What type of reproduction is this scientist describing? (b) Why is this type of reproduction described as "costly to individuals"?
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Key:
T/I: Thinking and Investigation K/U: Knowledge and Understanding C: Communications A: Application
(c) Why is this type of reproduction described as "beneficial to species"? (d) Is this type of reproduction equally beneficial to species in all environments? Explain.
58. A rancher wants to increase the genetic diversity of her herd of cattle. She orders frozen semen from bulls from another herd and uses that semen to artificially inseminate some of her cows. (4.1, 4.4) T/I A (a) Explain why the rancher would want to increase the genetic diversity of her herd. (b) Describe one benefit of using artificial insemination instead of breeding cows without the use of assisted reproductive technology.
59. In 1958, biologist Frederick Steward published his technique for cloning carrot plants from a mature adult carrot cell. However, it was not until 1996 that scientists first successfully cloned a mammal, a sheep named Dolly, from a mature adult cell. (4.2) K/U T/I A (a) Describe the process Steward used to clone carrot plants. (b) Describe the process scientists used to clone Dolly. (c) Explain why it took so long after the development of plant-cloning techniques for scientists to learn how to clone an adult mammal.
60. Cloning technology is currently used for many different applications. Describe one use of doning technology in each of the fields below: (a) agriculture (b) medicine (c) conservation (d) industry (4.2) K/U A
61. A student wishes to make a model of meiosis that could be used to help younger students visualize the process. She decides to use coloured jellybeans to represent cells in her model; blue represents diploid cells and green represents haploid cells. (4.3) T/I A (a) How many total jellybeans does this student need to show the original cell, the results of meiosis I, and the results of meiosis II? (b) How many blue jellybeans does this student need to complete her model? What cell or cells do these represent? (c) How many green jellybeans does this student need to complete her model? What cell or cells do these represent? (d) Identify one misconception that this model might promote.
62. Many species of turtle and crocodile are already endangered. A scientist hypothesizes that global climate change might adversely affect the ability of turtle and crocodile species to reproduce over a number of generations. (4.3) T/I C A (a) Explain the probable basis for this hypothesis. (b) Propose a conservation plan for turtles and crocodiles that would address the issue you described above.
63. In humans the sex-determination mechanism is classified as XX/XY. Other organisms, such as other mammals and some insects share the same type of sex determination. (4.3) K/U T/I A (a) In these species, identify the sex chromosomes found in a typical male. (b) In these species, identify the sex chromosomes found in a typical female. (c) In these species, would you expect to find a gene that coded for a protein essential to all individuals on the Y chromosome? Why or why not? (d) Could a disease caused by a mutation in a gene found on the Y chromosome affect a female? Explain. (e) Could a disease caused by a mutation in a gene found on the X chromosome affect a male? Explain.
64. Figure 3 shows a karyotype produced by staining the chromosomes from a single human cell. (4.4) K/U C A (a) Was the individual who provided the cell sample for this karyotype male or female? (b) Explain how you can tell the sex of the individual by the karyotype. (c) Explain how karyotypes can be used to test for certain types of genetic disorders.
Figure 3
Image: An illustration of the 22 sets of chromosomes; 21 has three chromosomes.
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Evaluation
Key:
T/I: Thinking and Investigation K/U: Knowledge and Understanding C: Communications A: Application
65. Male magnificent frigate birds are able to inflate a large red throat pouch (Figure 4). K/U T/I A (a) Suggest a probable use of such a feature. (b) Describe how such a feature might put the bird at greater risk. (c) You hear a student comment that the benefit outweighs the risk. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Figure 4
Image: A picture of a frigate bird with the inflatable red pouch at his throat.
66. Jenna's mom transplanted several strawberry plants that had been produced as runners from a plant in their backyard garden into pots. When the strawberry plant in the backyard garden died because it was attacked by a garden pest, Jenna's mom took some of the plants in pots and replanted them in the backyard garden, hoping that they would be more resistant to the pests than the original plant. Explain whether Jenna's mom is correct to expect the transplanted plants to be more pest resistant. Explain your response. (4.2) T/I A C
67. Cheetahs are an endangered species. Their population was reduced by hunting and historical disruption to their habitat. There is very little genetic variation in the remaining population. Evaluate the prospects of saving the cheetah from extinction through a program of cloning. Explain whether such a program is likely to be effective in the long term. (4.2) C A
68. For centuries, farmers and plant scientists have been developing new varieties of fruits and vegetables by crossbreeding plants with desirable characteristics. (4.2) T/I C A (a) Explain how the practice of creating and cloning genetically modified plants differs from the practice of breeding plants. (b) Why are some people more concerned about the risk of creating and cloning genetically modified plants than they are about the risk of breeding new varieties of plants?
69. In some plant species, individual plants can produce both male and female flowers. In some cases, pollen from the male flower is able to fertilize an egg inside the female flower of the same plant and produce a viable seed that can grow into a new plant. (4.2, 4.3) T/I C (a) Explain how this process is different from asexual reproduction, even though a single plant produces offspring. (b) Evaluate the cost and the benefit to the plant in using this process instead of simply reproducing asexually.
70. Some scientists have proposed uses of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) to help preserve endangered species. (4.4) C A (a) Explain the possible benefits of using ARTs in conservation. (b) Explain the possible drawbacks of using ARTs in conservation.
71. Most discussions of genetics ignore the inheritance of cytoplasmic DNA. Suggest an explanation to account for this. T/I A
72. An individual with a mitochondrial disorder is asked whether he is concerned about passing the disease on to his future offspring. He states that none of his children will inherit his disorder. Is this statement correct? Explain why or why not. (4.5) T/I A C
73. A student was describing evidence for the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that have become incorporated in eukaryotic cells. She mentioned the green sea slug as evidence to support this theory. Evaluate whether the green sea slug is good evidence for this theory, and justify your opinion. (4.5) T/I A C
Reflect on Your Learning
74. Different assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) can be used to help humans and other animals conceive offspring. T/I A (a) Do you have any ethical concerns about the use of ARTs? Explain. (b) Do you feel differently about the use of ARTs in different situations? Explain.
75. In this chapter you learned about different technologies that some people object to, such as cloning and the production of genetically modified organisms. Do you think it is important to learn about these technologies even if you object to some of their applications? Explain why or why not. T/I C
76. Did you learn anything in this chapter that surprised you? Explain. T/I C
77. In this chapter you learned that when a human cell undergoes meiosis, the number of possible combinations of chromosomes in the daughter cell is 8 388 608. Does this change your thoughts about the uniqueness of the combination of traits that makes you who you are? Explain your thinking.
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Key:
T/I: Thinking and Investigation K/U: Knowledge and Understanding C: Communications A: Application
78. Although flowering plants, such as fruit trees, can reproduce sexually, many gardeners and horticulturalists prefer to propagate plants by means of asexual reproduction. T/I C A (a) Research methods that horticulturalists use to produce flowering plants for farms and gardens. Create a table summarizing at least three methods of asexual propagation. For each method, include a description and examples of plants typically propagated by that method. (b) Explain the advantage of using asexual methods to propagate plants for use in farming and gardening.
79. Many genetically engineered food crops are now grown in North America and are used in a wide variety of food products. Research genetically engineered food crops. Find out which crops are most commonly used, examples of common food products that contain genetically engineered organisms, common arguments for and against genetically engineered food crops, and which companies produce and sell genetically engineered seed. Create an informational brochure or poster highlighting the results of your research. T/I C A
80. In this chapter you learned about how Chinese scientists have used artificial insemination to produce baby pandas. Research other examples of how reproductive technologies are being used to help increase the populations of endangered or threatened species. Choose one example to present in a written report. Be sure to address the following questions in your report: (a) Which type of technology is being used? (b) How do scientists gain access to the animals used for breeding? (c) Where does the breeding program take place? (d) What happens to the offspring produced in the breeding program? T/I C A
81. In October 2010 Robert Edwards was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for his pioneering work in IVF. Do research to find out more about his work and its implications. T/I A (a) When and where did Dr. Edwards begin his research into reproductive technology? (b) When and where was the first "test tube baby" conceived by IVF born? (c) How many people have been born by IVF since the birth of Louise Brown?
82. Cnemidophorus is a genus of lizards commonly know as whiptails. The genus includes more than 10 species that are parthogenic—the females reproduce asexually and there are no males. Do online research to answer the following questions. T/I A (a) How do these species form? (b) Are any of the females able to mate with other lizard species? If so, what sort of offspring result? (c) Based on your understanding of the benefits of sexual and asexual reproduction, would you expect these species to be more or less able to withstand environmental change? Explain your reasoning.
83. Stained chromosomes exhibit banding patterns that can be used to distinguish one chromosome from another. Photographs of the stained chromosomes can then be analyzed by computer software and displayed as schematic diagrams. K/U T/I A (a) Conduct research into the use of staining chromosomes. (b) What are the advantages of these diagrams over photographs of the actual chromosomes? (c) Each light band is associated with regions that have one or more genes. Describe the variability of these chromosomes in terms of banding patterns.
Key:
K/U: Knowledge and Understanding
T/I: Thinking and Investigation
C: Communication
A: Application
For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives.
1. How many chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell? (4.1) K/U
(a) 6
(b) 32
(c) 46
(d) 78
2. Which process is an example of asexual reproduction? (4.1) K/U
(a) a plant producing seeds
(b) a bird attracting a mate
(c) a protist undergoing mitosis and cytokinesis
(d) a dog giving birth to a litter of puppies
3. During which part of the cell cycle is genetic material duplicated? (4.2) K/U
(a) anaphase
(b) interphase
(c) metaphase
(d) prophase
4. From which group of organisms is an individual least likely to undergo asexual reproduction? (4.2) K/U
(a) fungi
(b) plants
(c) protists
(d) vertebrates
5. The process of oogenesis results in which products? (4.3) K/U
(a) 4 egg cells
(b) 4 sperm cells
(c) 1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies
(d) 1 sperm cell and 3 polar bodies
6. Chromatids from homologous chromosomes may break and recombine during which phase of meiosis? (4.3) K/U
(a) prophase I
(b) anaphase I
(c) metaphase II
(d) telophase II
7. Which genetic disorder occurs when an individual has an extra copy of chromosome 21? (4.4) K/U
(a) Down syndrome
(b) Edward syndrome
(c) Klinefelter syndrome
(d) Turner syndrome
8. An adult human with a non-disjunction disorder can have
(a) 22 chromosomes
(b) 46 chromosomes
(c) 47 chromosomes
(d) none of the above (4.4) K/U
9. Which of the following is an example of horizontal gene transfer? (4.5) K/U
(a) Scientists breed pandas using in vitro fertilization technology.
(b) A male human inherits cytoplasmic DNA only from his mother.
(c) Two daughter cells receive identical genetic information from a parent cell.
(d) A sea slug acquires genetic information from algae that it consumes.
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true.
10. A typical gene has hundreds, or even thousands, of chromosomes. (4.1) K/U
11. Generally, offspring produced by sexual reproduction have greater genetic variation than offspring produced by asexual reproduction. (4.1) K/U
12. The cytoplasm of a cell is divided and organelles are distributed among two daughter cells during cytokinesis. (4.2) K/U
13. Sister chromatids contain two chromosomes that contain different genetic information and are held together at the centromere. (4.2) K/U
14. Autosomes are sex chromosomes. (4.3) K/U
15. A hermaphroditic species contains individuals that produce both male and female sex cells. (4.3) K/U
16. When non-disjunction occurs during meiosis, each gamete receives an extra copy of one chromosome. (4.4) K/U
17. Organisms that reproduce asexually inherit half their genetic information from one parent. (4.1) K/U
18. Gametogenesis produces sex cells with half the number of chromosomes as a body cell. (4.3) K/U
19. The mitochondria in a human cell contain a small amount of DNA that was copied from the DNA in the cell nucleus. (4.5) K/U
20. Horizontal gene transfer involves the movement of genetic information during crossing over. (4.5) K/U
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CHAPTER 4 REVIEW
Key:
T/I: Thinking and Investigation
K/U: Knowledge and Understanding
C: Communications
A: Application
Knowledge
For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives.
1. In what process are traits passed from parent to offspring? (4.1) K/U
(a) heredity
(b) genetics
(c) fragmentation
(d) cytokinesis
2. Which structure carries genetic information for a trait? (4.1) K/U
(a) a gene
(b) a chromosome
(c) a genome
(d) a DNA molecule
3. During interphase, what form does the genetic material in the cell take? (4.2) K/U
(a) sister chromatids
(b) spindle fibres
(c) chromatin
(d) homologous chromosomes
4. Which of the following may contain DNA from two different species? (4.2) K/U
(a) animals produced by cloning
(b) offspring of sexual reproduction
(c) genetically modified organisms
(d) daughter cells produced by mitotic division
5. Which type of organism has individuals of separate sexes and undergoes internal fertilization during the process of sexual reproduction? (4.3) K/U
(a) earthworm
(b) Canada goose
(c) giant clam
(d) willow tree
6. The somatic cells of a dog each contain 78 chromosomes. What is (are) the product(s) of gametogenesis in a male dog? (4.3) K/U
(a) 1 sex cell containing 39 chromosomes
(b) 2 sex cells, each containing 78 chromosomes
(c) 4 sex cells, each containing 39 chromosomes
(d) 4 sex cells, each containing 78 chromosomes
7. In humans, spermatogenesis and oogenesis are similar in that they both involve meiosis. How do they differ? (4.3) K/U
(a) Spermatogenesis produces 4 functioning cells and oogenesis produces only 1 functioning cell.
(b) Spermatogenesis produces cells with less cytoplasm.
(c) Oogenesis produces cells that cannot move on their own.
(d) all of the above
8. An individual with the genetic abnormality known as monosomy has
(a) only one chromosome
(b) an extra chromosome
(c) a missing chromosome
(d) only one gene in each chromosome (4.4) K/U
9. Human zygotes receive mitochondria from
(a) only the egg cell
(b) only the sperm cell
(c) both the egg and the sperm cell
(d) neither the egg cell nor the sperm cell (4.5) K/U
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true.
10. A human body cell has 46 chromosomes. (4.1) K/U
11. Some organisms reproduce by cell division alone. (4.1) K/U
12. Budding is a form of sexual reproduction. (4.2) K/U
13. Cell division has two stages: mitosis and cytokinesis. (4.2) K/U
14. During meiosis I, sister chromatids are separated. (4.3) K/U
15. A picture of chromosomes arranged by size, number, or shape is called a tetrad. (4.3) K/U
16. Some genetic disorders can be detected before birth by prenatal testing. (4.4) K/U
17. Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce independently of the cell in which they are found. (4.5) K/U
18. Maternal inheritance refers to inheritance in which offspring inherit all their cytoplasmic DNA from the female gamete. (4.5) K/U
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right.
19.
(a) Down syndrome
(b) Edward syndrome
(c) Klinefelter syndrome
(d) Turner syndrome
(e) Patau syndrome
(i) trisomy of chromosome 18
(ii) trisomy of chromosome 21
(iii) one X and no Y sex chromosome
(iv) trisomy of chromosome 13
(v) two X and one Y sex chromosomes (4.4)
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20.
(a) anaphase I
(b) metaphase II
(c) prophase I
(d) telophase II
(i) each sister chromatid undergoes synapsis with a sister chromatid from its matching homologous chromosome
(ii) completion of the second nuclear division
(iii) chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids, line up across the middle of the cell
(iv) reduction division occurs (4.3) K/U
Write a short answer to each question.
21. What term describes a cell with three or more sets of chromosomes? (4.1) K/U
22. An adult mosquito has six chromosomes in each somatic cell. It mates with another adult to reproduce sexually. How many chromosomes do the offspring have in each somatic cell? (4.1) K/U
23. In an individual produced by sexual reproduction, what portion of the individual's genetic information comes from each parent? (4.1) K/U
24. What are the structures called "sister chromatids" that appear in a cell at the beginning of mitosis? (4.2) K/U
25. Explain how you might identify metaphase I if you were viewing cells with a microscope. (4.2) K/U
26. What technology are some people concerned will lead to the production of genetically identical humans chosen for certain desirable traits? (4.2) K/U
27. What is produced in the process of fertilization? (4.3) K/U
28. Describe the sex-determination system of earthworms. (4.3) K/U
29. What term describes a pair of chromosomes that are similar in size and shape and carry genetic information for the same genes? (4.3) K/U
30. What is the result of the process called crossing over? (4.3) K/U
31. Identify two types of organisms in which temperature affects sex determination. (4.3) K/U
32. Identify two general categories of problems that can lead to unsuccessful sexual reproduction. (4.4) K/U
33. Name two types of non-disjuntion disorders that can result during the formation of gametes. (4.4) K/U
34. Which type of assisted reproductive technology involves the placement of sperm into the reproductive tract of a female? (4.4) K/U
35. Name two genetic or congenital (birth) disorders that can be detected by analyzing the blood of the mother with a test known as multiple marker screening. (4.4) K/U
36. Name two cell organelles that contain cytoplasmic DNA. (4.5) K/U
37. What term describes the passing of genetic information from one species to another? (4.5) K/U
38. Explain the similarity between the locus of a gene and the street address of a home. (4.1) K/U
Understanding
39. (a) Describe one example of naturally occurring asexual reproduction.
(b) Compare the genetic makeup of the offspring and parent in the example you provided. (4.1) T/I
40. (a) Describe one advantage of sexual reproduction.
(b) Describe one disadvantage of sexual reproduction. (4.1) T/I
41. A student in a biology lab uses a microscope to observe a cell with stained chromosomes, as shown in Figure 1. The student uses a higher-power objective to confirm that each chromosome consists of a pair of sister chromatids. (4.2, 4.3) T/I C A
(a) Identify the process (mitosis or meiosis) and the phase of the process that the student is observing. Provide reasoning for your answer.
(b) Explain how you can identify the process and how you can determine the phase of the process.
Figure 1
Image: A picture showing a phase of a cell before splitting will occur.
42. The mechanism by which cytokinesis proceeds is slightly different in plant cells than it is in animal cells. (4.2) T/I A
(a) Describe how cytokinesis proceeds in a typical animal cell.
(b) Describe how cytokinesis proceeds in a typical plant cell.
(c) Based on what you know about the structure of plant cells, explain why they cannot use the same method of cytokinesis that animal cells do.
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Key:
T/I: Thinking and Investigation
K/U: Knowledge and Understanding
C: Communications
A: Application
43. Compare and contrast the types of individuals (male and female, hermaphrodite, or other), the types of gametes produced, and the fertilization methods of the following pairs of organisms. (4.3) K/U T/I
(a) willow tree and bald eagle
(b) giant clam and parrot fish
44. In most organisms, egg cells and sperm cells have differing characteristics. Compare and contrast the following characteristics of human egg and sperm cells. (4.3) K/U T/I
(a) number of chromosomes they contain
(b) ability to move independently
(c) amount of nutrients they contain
(d) number of sex cells produced during the human lifetime
(e) stage of human life in which the sex cells are produced
45. Compare the sex-determination systems of the following paired groups of organisms, and identify the pair that has a greater similarity. Explain how you know. (4.3) T/I A
(a) birds and turtles
(b) birds and humans
46. Identify two mechanisms of meiosis that contribute to the genetic diversity of the gametes of an organism. Explain how they accomplish this. (4.3) T/I
47. Use Figure 2 to answer (a) and (b). (4.3) T/I C
Figure 2
Image: An illustration of oogenesis showing that it starts with 46 and then divides to two with 23 each and the first polar body on the right divides once more to make two more with 23 while the one on the left divides also to make two with 23 but one of them is an ovum.
(a) Describe the process shown by the diagram.
(b) Name the two different products of the process, and explain what happens to each product.
48. (a) Draw a diagram that shows what happens when non-disjunction occurs during meiosis.
(b) Explain what would happen if one of the resulting gametes joined with a normal gamete and developed into an individual. (4.4) T/I C
49. Identify and describe two factors that increase the chance of a human offspring inheriting the genetic characteristic for Down syndrome. (4.4) K/U A
50. Compare and contrast the following aspects of Turner syndrome and Kleinfelter syndrome. (4.4) K/U T/I
(a) number and type of sex chromosomes in the cells of affected individuals
(b) the cause of these disorders
(c) characteristics of affected individuals
51. Women who have an increased risk of conceiving babies with genetic abnormalities may seek prenatal screening to gain information that can be used to determine whether a fetus has a genetic abnormality. (4.4) K/U T/I A
(a) Explain how fetal cells can be sampled and tested for genetic abnormalities.
(b) Explain how a blood sample from the mother can be used for prenatal testing.
(c) Compare the benefits and risks of these two types of procedures.
52. Identify two reasons why zookeepers frequently use artificial insemination in the breeding of zoo animals. (4.4) K/U
53. Explain why DNA from mitochondria can provide information about a person's maternal lineage, but not about a person's paternal lineage. (4.4, 4.5) T/I A
54. A eukaryotic organism reproduces asexually by mitotic division. (4.1, 4.5) T/I
(a) Explain why the nuclear DNA of the offspring will most likely be identical to that of the parent.
(b) Explain why the cytoplasmic DNA of the offspring may not be identical to that of the parent.
55. The mitochondria in your body cells contain a relatively small number of genes. (4.5) T/I
(a) Explain why your mitochondria contain their own genes.
(b) Describe how you inherited these mitochondrial genes.
56. Describe the process of DNA egg swapping. Identify the types of diseases it could be used to prevent. (4.5) K/U
Application
57. A biologist used the following phrase to describe a form of reproduction: "Costly to individuals; beneficial to species." T/I A
(a) What type of reproduction is this scientist describing?
(b) Why is this type of reproduction described as "costly to individuals"?
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Key:
T/I: Thinking and Investigation
K/U: Knowledge and Understanding
C: Communications
A: Application
(c) Why is this type of reproduction described as "beneficial to species"?
(d) Is this type of reproduction equally beneficial to species in all environments? Explain.
58. A rancher wants to increase the genetic diversity of her herd of cattle. She orders frozen semen from bulls from another herd and uses that semen to artificially inseminate some of her cows. (4.1, 4.4) T/I A
(a) Explain why the rancher would want to increase the genetic diversity of her herd.
(b) Describe one benefit of using artificial insemination instead of breeding cows without the use of assisted reproductive technology.
59. In 1958, biologist Frederick Steward published his technique for cloning carrot plants from a mature adult carrot cell. However, it was not until 1996 that scientists first successfully cloned a mammal, a sheep named Dolly, from a mature adult cell. (4.2) K/U T/I A
(a) Describe the process Steward used to clone carrot plants.
(b) Describe the process scientists used to clone Dolly.
(c) Explain why it took so long after the development of plant-cloning techniques for scientists to learn how to clone an adult mammal.
60. Cloning technology is currently used for many different applications. Describe one use of doning technology in each of the fields below:
(a) agriculture
(b) medicine
(c) conservation
(d) industry (4.2) K/U A
61. A student wishes to make a model of meiosis that could be used to help younger students visualize the process. She decides to use coloured jellybeans to represent cells in her model; blue represents diploid cells and green represents haploid cells. (4.3) T/I A
(a) How many total jellybeans does this student need to show the original cell, the results of meiosis I, and the results of meiosis II?
(b) How many blue jellybeans does this student need to complete her model? What cell or cells do these represent?
(c) How many green jellybeans does this student need to complete her model? What cell or cells do these represent?
(d) Identify one misconception that this model might promote.
62. Many species of turtle and crocodile are already endangered. A scientist hypothesizes that global climate change might adversely affect the ability of turtle and crocodile species to reproduce over a number of generations. (4.3) T/I C A
(a) Explain the probable basis for this hypothesis.
(b) Propose a conservation plan for turtles and crocodiles that would address the issue you described above.
63. In humans the sex-determination mechanism is classified as XX/XY. Other organisms, such as other mammals and some insects share the same type of sex determination. (4.3) K/U T/I A
(a) In these species, identify the sex chromosomes found in a typical male.
(b) In these species, identify the sex chromosomes found in a typical female.
(c) In these species, would you expect to find a gene that coded for a protein essential to all individuals on the Y chromosome? Why or why not?
(d) Could a disease caused by a mutation in a gene found on the Y chromosome affect a female? Explain.
(e) Could a disease caused by a mutation in a gene found on the X chromosome affect a male? Explain.
64. Figure 3 shows a karyotype produced by staining the chromosomes from a single human cell. (4.4) K/U C A
(a) Was the individual who provided the cell sample for this karyotype male or female?
(b) Explain how you can tell the sex of the individual by the karyotype.
(c) Explain how karyotypes can be used to test for certain types of genetic disorders.
Figure 3
Image: An illustration of the 22 sets of chromosomes; 21 has three chromosomes.
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Evaluation
Key:
T/I: Thinking and Investigation
K/U: Knowledge and Understanding
C: Communications
A: Application
65. Male magnificent frigate birds are able to inflate a large red throat pouch (Figure 4). K/U T/I A
(a) Suggest a probable use of such a feature.
(b) Describe how such a feature might put the bird at greater risk.
(c) You hear a student comment that the benefit outweighs the risk. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Figure 4
Image: A picture of a frigate bird with the inflatable red pouch at his throat.
66. Jenna's mom transplanted several strawberry plants that had been produced as runners from a plant in their backyard garden into pots. When the strawberry plant in the backyard garden died because it was attacked by a garden pest, Jenna's mom took some of the plants in pots and replanted them in the backyard garden, hoping that they would be more resistant to the pests than the original plant. Explain whether Jenna's mom is correct to expect the transplanted plants to be more pest resistant. Explain your response. (4.2) T/I A C
67. Cheetahs are an endangered species. Their population was reduced by hunting and historical disruption to their habitat. There is very little genetic variation in the remaining population. Evaluate the prospects of saving the cheetah from extinction through a program of cloning. Explain whether such a program is likely to be effective in the long term. (4.2) C A
68. For centuries, farmers and plant scientists have been developing new varieties of fruits and vegetables by crossbreeding plants with desirable characteristics. (4.2) T/I C A
(a) Explain how the practice of creating and cloning genetically modified plants differs from the practice of breeding plants.
(b) Why are some people more concerned about the risk of creating and cloning genetically modified plants than they are about the risk of breeding new varieties of plants?
69. In some plant species, individual plants can produce both male and female flowers. In some cases, pollen from the male flower is able to fertilize an egg inside the female flower of the same plant and produce a viable seed that can grow into a new plant. (4.2, 4.3) T/I C
(a) Explain how this process is different from asexual reproduction, even though a single plant produces offspring.
(b) Evaluate the cost and the benefit to the plant in using this process instead of simply reproducing asexually.
70. Some scientists have proposed uses of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) to help preserve endangered species. (4.4) C A
(a) Explain the possible benefits of using ARTs in conservation.
(b) Explain the possible drawbacks of using ARTs in conservation.
71. Most discussions of genetics ignore the inheritance of cytoplasmic DNA. Suggest an explanation to account for this. T/I A
72. An individual with a mitochondrial disorder is asked whether he is concerned about passing the disease on to his future offspring. He states that none of his children will inherit his disorder. Is this statement correct? Explain why or why not. (4.5) T/I A C
73. A student was describing evidence for the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that have become incorporated in eukaryotic cells. She mentioned the green sea slug as evidence to support this theory. Evaluate whether the green sea slug is good evidence for this theory, and justify your opinion. (4.5) T/I A C
Reflect on Your Learning
74. Different assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) can be used to help humans and other animals conceive offspring. T/I A
(a) Do you have any ethical concerns about the use of ARTs? Explain.
(b) Do you feel differently about the use of ARTs in different situations? Explain.
75. In this chapter you learned about different technologies that some people object to, such as cloning and the production of genetically modified organisms. Do you think it is important to learn about these technologies even if you object to some of their applications? Explain why or why not. T/I C
76. Did you learn anything in this chapter that surprised you? Explain. T/I C
77. In this chapter you learned that when a human cell undergoes meiosis, the number of possible combinations of chromosomes in the daughter cell is 8 388 608. Does this change your thoughts about the uniqueness of the combination of traits that makes you who you are? Explain your thinking.
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Key:
T/I: Thinking and Investigation
K/U: Knowledge and Understanding
C: Communications
A: Application
78. Although flowering plants, such as fruit trees, can reproduce sexually, many gardeners and horticulturalists prefer to propagate plants by means of asexual reproduction. T/I C A
(a) Research methods that horticulturalists use to produce flowering plants for farms and gardens. Create a table summarizing at least three methods of asexual propagation. For each method, include a description and examples of plants typically propagated by that method.
(b) Explain the advantage of using asexual methods to propagate plants for use in farming and gardening.
79. Many genetically engineered food crops are now grown in North America and are used in a wide variety of food products. Research genetically engineered food crops. Find out which crops are most commonly used, examples of common food products that contain genetically engineered organisms, common arguments for and against genetically engineered food crops, and which companies produce and sell genetically engineered seed. Create an informational brochure or poster highlighting the results of your research. T/I C A
80. In this chapter you learned about how Chinese scientists have used artificial insemination to produce baby pandas. Research other examples of how reproductive technologies are being used to help increase the populations of endangered or threatened species. Choose one example to present in a written report. Be sure to address the following questions in your report:
(a) Which type of technology is being used?
(b) How do scientists gain access to the animals used for breeding?
(c) Where does the breeding program take place?
(d) What happens to the offspring produced in the breeding program? T/I C A
81. In October 2010 Robert Edwards was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for his pioneering work in IVF. Do research to find out more about his work and its implications. T/I A
(a) When and where did Dr. Edwards begin his research into reproductive technology?
(b) When and where was the first "test tube baby" conceived by IVF born?
(c) How many people have been born by IVF since the birth of Louise Brown?
82. Cnemidophorus is a genus of lizards commonly know as whiptails. The genus includes more than 10 species that are parthogenic—the females reproduce asexually and there are no males. Do online research to answer the following questions. T/I A
(a) How do these species form?
(b) Are any of the females able to mate with other lizard species? If so, what sort of offspring result?
(c) Based on your understanding of the benefits of sexual and asexual reproduction, would you expect these species to be more or less able to withstand environmental change? Explain your reasoning.
83. Stained chromosomes exhibit banding patterns that can be used to distinguish one chromosome from another. Photographs of the stained chromosomes can then be analyzed by computer software and displayed as schematic diagrams. K/U T/I A
(a) Conduct research into the use of staining chromosomes.
(b) What are the advantages of these diagrams over photographs of the actual chromosomes?
(c) Each light band is associated with regions that have one or more genes. Describe the variability of these chromosomes in terms of banding patterns.