K/U: Knowledge and Understanding T/I: Thinking and Investigation C: Communication A: Application
For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives.
1. All scientific theories are (a) grounded in large bodies of evidence (b) of great practical value (c) more than an educated guess or hypothesis (d) all of the above (7.1) K/U
2. Which of the following best describes the role of beneficial mutations? (7.1) K/U (a) They improve the appearance of the individuals. (b) They give individuals a better chance of survival. (c) They increase the size of individuals. (d) They make individuals smarter.
3. Which of the following most accurately represents the power of artificial selection? (7.1) K/U (a) Artificial selection reduces the number of harmful mutations that occur. (b) Individuals that are quite different from the original species can be produced in a controlled fashion. (c) Breeders typically breed two to three individuals at a time. (d) All mutations created by artificial breeding are either beneficial or harmful.
4. Which of the following is true regarding fossils? (7.2) K/U (a) All fossils are created in the ocean, when plants and organisms fall to the bottom. (b) Fossils have been found of most living species. (c) Fossils are often found in unexpected locations. (d) Fossils show that life on Earth is very similar to the way it was 100 000 years ago.
5. Principles of uniformitarianism include which of the following? (7.2) K/U (a) All animals share the same DNA. (b) Earth is continually being changed by new forces over time. (c) Natural laws are dynamic and change over time. (d) Geological change is slow and gradual.
6. Darwin made which of the following observations in South America? (7.3) K/U (a) The giant fossilized armadillos and sloth specimens he found resembled the much smaller modern species. (b) There were many species of amphibians but no native mammals. (c) No birds nested on the ground. (d) The animals seemed most similar to those he had seen in Africa.
7. How are the populations of native species similar in Hawaii and the Galapagos? (7.4) K/U (a) There are no native reptiles on either island chain. (b) There are many unique species on both island chains. (c) Both island chains lie approximately the same distance away from a continent. (d) Both have a uniform set of habitats.
8. A pseudogene is a gene that (a) has undergone a mutation and no longer serves a useful purpose (b) is not really a gene (c) is harmful to the organism (d) used to exist in an ancestor population (7.6) K/U Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true.
9. For some domesticated animals, the original species is now extinct in the wild. (7.1) K/U
10. Most traditional animal and plant breeders would describe what they do as equivalent to an uncontrolled experiment. (7.1) K/U
11. All species except for a few examples (some deep-water fish, a few species of bacteria, and some ants) exhibit genetic variation. (7.1) K/U
12. According to Lamarck's principle of use and disuse, structures that organisms use more often become bigger and stronger. (7.2) K/U
13. Imagine that a dead fish falls to the bottom of a lake, where it is quickly covered by sediment and compressed. These are ideal conditions for a fossil to be formed. (7.2) K/U A
14. Plate tectonics is one way to explain how fossils of sea life end up on the top of high mountains. (7.6) K/U A
15. When Darwin arrived in the Galapagos on the HMS Beagle, he believed that Earth was dynamic and ever changing, and that species changed over time as well. (7.3) K/U
16. The 13 species of Darwin's finches in the Galapagos fill the same ecological niches. (7.3) K/U
17. The number of bones in an animal's skeleton can be used to identify relationships between species. (7.4) K/U
18. Until the nineteenth century, many people believed Earth was less than 6000 years old and its physical features had changed significantly over that time. (7.6) K/U
Print Page 318
CHAPTER 7 REVIEW
Match the term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right.
13. (a) homologous features (b) vestigial features (c) analogous features (d) anatomical oddity
(i) features that no longer serve the function they do in similar species (ii) features that serve the same function in different organisms but are different in structure (iii) similar structures of organisms that have different functions (iv) features that serve an unusual purpose or have a structure that is difficult to explain (7.4) K/U
(i) all the alleles currently present in a particular species or population (ii) genes inherited from a common ancestor (iii) genes mutated to the point at which they no longer serve a useful purpose (iv) the full set of genes that an organism inherits from its parents (7.6) K/U
15. Match Darwin's inferences, on the left, with his observations, on the right. (a) Some individuals will inherit characteristics that are of benefit and increase their chance of reproductive success. (b) Individuals of all species compete for resources.
(i) Populations produce more offspring than can survive to adulthood. (ii) Individuals of all species show variability. (iii) Resources for any species are limited. (iv) Populations do not continue to grow forever. (v) Some variability is heritable. (7.5) K/U
Write a short answer to answer each question.
32. Why is it rare to find fossils that include soft body parts, such as organs? (7.2) K/U T/I
48. Mutations that provide a selective advantage tend to become more prevalent in populations over time. Explain how this occurs. (7.1) T/I A
55. The frigate bird has webbed feet but never enters the water. (7.4) T/I A
(a) What type of feature is this?
(b) Suggest an evolutionary explanation to account for this feature.
(c) Speculate on how the frigate bird's feet may evolve over time. Explain your reasoning.
58. Figure 3 shows the forelimbs of different organisms. (7.4) T/I A
(a) Are these homologous or analogous features?
(b) Explain your answer.
Figure 3 Image: (a) A human forelimb, (b) A horse forelimb, (c) A whale forelimb.
65. Some animals have evolved protective coloration.
Examine the moth in Figure 4. (7.5) T/I A
(a) Is this an example of camouflage?
(b) What do you think this pattern represents?
(c) Why does natural selection favour the evolution of this pattern?
Figure 4 Image: The center of the moth is light and dark brown, with black in the middle. The wings are light brown and orange with some white, resembling leaves. On each wing close to the body are is a circle of black and light blue, and a line of pink.
71. Suppose you are a paleontologist. (7.6) T/I A
(a) In what part of the world would you focus your energies when looking for fossils?
(b) What type of organisms would you search for?
(c) What could you learn from other scientific disciplines to help you in your work?
Key
K/U: Knowledge and Understanding
T/I: Thinking and Investigation
C: Communication
A: Application
For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives.
1. All scientific theories are
(a) grounded in large bodies of evidence
(b) of great practical value
(c) more than an educated guess or hypothesis
(d) all of the above (7.1) K/U
2. Which of the following best describes the role of beneficial mutations? (7.1) K/U
(a) They improve the appearance of the individuals.
(b) They give individuals a better chance of survival.
(c) They increase the size of individuals.
(d) They make individuals smarter.
3. Which of the following most accurately represents the power of artificial selection? (7.1) K/U
(a) Artificial selection reduces the number of harmful mutations that occur.
(b) Individuals that are quite different from the original species can be produced in a controlled fashion.
(c) Breeders typically breed two to three individuals at a time.
(d) All mutations created by artificial breeding are either beneficial or harmful.
4. Which of the following is true regarding fossils? (7.2) K/U
(a) All fossils are created in the ocean, when plants and organisms fall to the bottom.
(b) Fossils have been found of most living species.
(c) Fossils are often found in unexpected locations.
(d) Fossils show that life on Earth is very similar to the way it was 100 000 years ago.
5. Principles of uniformitarianism include which of the following? (7.2) K/U
(a) All animals share the same DNA.
(b) Earth is continually being changed by new forces over time.
(c) Natural laws are dynamic and change over time.
(d) Geological change is slow and gradual.
6. Darwin made which of the following observations in South America? (7.3) K/U
(a) The giant fossilized armadillos and sloth specimens he found resembled the much smaller modern species.
(b) There were many species of amphibians but no native mammals.
(c) No birds nested on the ground.
(d) The animals seemed most similar to those he had seen in Africa.
7. How are the populations of native species similar in Hawaii and the Galapagos? (7.4) K/U
(a) There are no native reptiles on either island chain.
(b) There are many unique species on both island chains.
(c) Both island chains lie approximately the same distance away from a continent.
(d) Both have a uniform set of habitats.
8. A pseudogene is a gene that
(a) has undergone a mutation and no longer serves a useful purpose
(b) is not really a gene
(c) is harmful to the organism
(d) used to exist in an ancestor population (7.6) K/U
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true.
9. For some domesticated animals, the original species is now extinct in the wild. (7.1) K/U
10. Most traditional animal and plant breeders would describe what they do as equivalent to an uncontrolled experiment. (7.1) K/U
11. All species except for a few examples (some deep-water fish, a few species of bacteria, and some ants) exhibit genetic variation. (7.1) K/U
12. According to Lamarck's principle of use and disuse, structures that organisms use more often become bigger and stronger. (7.2) K/U
13. Imagine that a dead fish falls to the bottom of a lake, where it is quickly covered by sediment and compressed. These are ideal conditions for a fossil to be formed. (7.2) K/U A
14. Plate tectonics is one way to explain how fossils of sea life end up on the top of high mountains. (7.6) K/U A
15. When Darwin arrived in the Galapagos on the HMS Beagle, he believed that Earth was dynamic and ever changing, and that species changed over time as well. (7.3) K/U
16. The 13 species of Darwin's finches in the Galapagos fill the same ecological niches. (7.3) K/U
17. The number of bones in an animal's skeleton can be used to identify relationships between species. (7.4) K/U
18. Until the nineteenth century, many people believed Earth was less than 6000 years old and its physical features had changed significantly over that time. (7.6) K/U
Print Page 318
CHAPTER 7 REVIEW
Match the term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right.
13. (a) homologous features
(b) vestigial features
(c) analogous features
(d) anatomical oddity
(i) features that no longer serve the function they do in similar species
(ii) features that serve the same function in different organisms but are different in structure
(iii) similar structures of organisms that have different functions
(iv) features that serve an unusual purpose or have a structure that is difficult to explain (7.4) K/U
14. (a) genome
(b) gene pool
(c) homologous genes
(d) pseudogenes
(i) all the alleles currently present in a particular species or population
(ii) genes inherited from a common ancestor
(iii) genes mutated to the point at which they no longer serve a useful purpose
(iv) the full set of genes that an organism inherits from its parents (7.6) K/U
15. Match Darwin's inferences, on the left, with his observations, on the right.
(a) Some individuals will inherit characteristics that are of benefit and increase their chance of reproductive success.
(b) Individuals of all species compete for resources.
(i) Populations produce more offspring than can survive to adulthood.
(ii) Individuals of all species show variability.
(iii) Resources for any species are limited.
(iv) Populations do not continue to grow forever.
(v) Some variability is heritable. (7.5) K/U
Write a short answer to answer each question.
32. Why is it rare to find fossils that include soft body parts, such as organs? (7.2) K/U T/I
48. Mutations that provide a selective advantage tend to become more prevalent in populations over time. Explain how this occurs. (7.1) T/I A
55. The frigate bird has webbed feet but never enters the water. (7.4) T/I A
(a) What type of feature is this?
(b) Suggest an evolutionary explanation to account for this feature.
(c) Speculate on how the frigate bird's feet may evolve over time. Explain your reasoning.
58. Figure 3 shows the forelimbs of different organisms. (7.4) T/I A
(a) Are these homologous or analogous features?
(b) Explain your answer.
Figure 3 Image: (a) A human forelimb, (b) A horse forelimb, (c) A whale forelimb.
65. Some animals have evolved protective coloration.
Examine the moth in Figure 4. (7.5) T/I A
(a) Is this an example of camouflage?
(b) What do you think this pattern represents?
(c) Why does natural selection favour the evolution of this pattern?
Figure 4 Image: The center of the moth is light and dark brown, with black in the middle. The wings are light brown and orange with some white, resembling leaves. On each wing close to the body are is a circle of black and light blue, and a line of pink.
71. Suppose you are a paleontologist. (7.6) T/I A
(a) In what part of the world would you focus your energies when looking for fossils?
(b) What type of organisms would you search for?
(c) What could you learn from other scientific disciplines to help you in your work?