K/U: Knowledge/Understanding T/I: Thinking/Investigation C: Communication A: Application
For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives.
1. Types of natural selection include (a) directional selection (b) stabilizing selection (c) disruptive selection (d) all of the above (8.1) K/U
2. Sexual selection in a species may result in which of the following? (8.1) K/U (a) female territorial competitions (b) larger males than females (c) longer-lived, weaker males (d) identical males and females
3. The driving force of evolution is (a) the action of natural selection upon beneficial mutations (b) consequences of human influence (c) climate change (d) genetic drift (8.1) K/U
4. The evolution of a new species is called (a) reproductive isolation (b) genetic drift (c) microevolution (d) speciation (8.2) K/U
5. Patterns of evolution include which of the following? (8.3) K/U (a) adaptive radiation (b) divergent evolution (c) convergent evolution (d) all of the above
6. The Cambrian explosion was (a) Earth's first mass extinction event (b) a period of rapid evolution and species diversification (c) the beginning of life on Earth (d) the reason for the extinction of the dinosaurs (8.5) K/U
7. Humans are (a) primates (b) anthropoids (c) hominids (d) all of the above (8.7) K/U
8. All early hominids evolved in and lived in (a) Eurasia (b) Africa (c) North America (d) Mesopotamia (8.7) K/U
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true.
9. Evolution occurs when natural selection acts upon the genetic variation in an individual. (8.1) K/U
10. Artificial selection is the favouring of any trait that specifically enhances the mating success of an individual. (8.1) K/U
11. Not all evolutionary changes are the result of natural selection. (8.1) K/U
12. Hardy and Weinberg used mathematical reasoning to explain that in large populations where only chance is at work, allele frequencies tend to stay constant. (8.1) K/U
13. Prezygotic mechanisms and postzygotic mechanisms prevent different species from interbreeding while living in the same area. (8.2) K/U
14. Sympatric speciation may occur after members of an original species become geographically isolated from each other. (8.2) K/U
15. A species undergoes coevolution when its evolutionary success is closely linked with that of another species. (8.3) K/U
16. Human activities are causing an increase in the rate of extinctions. (8.4) K/U
17. Synapomorphy is a method of determining evolutionary relationships based on recently evolved traits. (8.5) K/U
18. The theory of punctuated equilibrium states that as new species evolve, they appear similar to the original species and only gradually become more distinctive. (8.5) K/U
19. Archaeopteryx, Aetiocetus, and Tiktaalik roseae are considered transitional species. (8.5, 8.6) K/U
REVIEW
32. It is often easy to speculate about the selective pressures that have been at work over hundreds of generations and thousands of years. For each trait, describe the selective pressures that might have given rise to it. (8.1) K/U A
(a) the giraffe's long neck
(b) the cheetah's amazing speed
(c) the snake's unlocking jaw
34. Not all evolutionary changes are the result of natural selection. What is one way for an evolutionary change to occur without being the result of natural selection? Give an example of such a change. (8.1) K/U T/I
35. Changes that occur within species are sometimes relatively easy to understand. Natural selection favours certain characteristics in each species. (8.2) T/I A
(a) What factors lead to speciation?
(b) Describe how an entirely new species might evolve.
39. Though any type of evolution involves the change in a species over time, convergent evolution is very different from divergent evolution. (8.3) K/U T/I
(a) Describe what is meant by the term "convergent evolution."
(b) Explain why dolphins and sharks are a good example of convergent evolution.
41. (a) Describe what is meant by the term "mass extinction."
(b) What instances have there been of such a phenomenon over time?
(c) What can cause or what has caused a mass extinction? (8.5) K/U T/I
58. A number of human activities are causing the rapid acceleration in the rate of species extinction. These activities pose a serious threat to the biodiversity of life on Earth and the sustainability of natural resources. (8.4) T/I A
(a) Choose one human activity that you know has resulted in or may some day result in a single species or multiple species extinctions.
(b) Hypothesize as to how the human action or actions you discussed can be altered or reversed to pose less of a threat to other species.
70. Devise a fictitious ecosystem in which an animal species is directly influenced by a plant species to the point that the evolution of the animal species is altered. Structure the coevolutionary relationship such that the animal species is, over time, changed into a species that is unrecognizable compared to its original form. How did this occur? What role did the plant species play? (8.3) T/I C A
71. Pick any two species that you know to be closely related and argue that there is a "missing link" between them. Demonstrate by describing the two closely related species and showing that they are actually not so similar in characteristics, appearance, or biological makeup or structure. Support your argument with facts from your reading of this chapter. (8.5) K/U T/I A
72. Explain how human cultural evolution influences human biological evolution. Use specific knowledge from your reading of the chapter in your answer. (8.7) K/U T/I C
K/U: Knowledge/Understanding
T/I: Thinking/Investigation
C: Communication
A: Application
For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives.
1. Types of natural selection include
(a) directional selection
(b) stabilizing selection
(c) disruptive selection
(d) all of the above (8.1) K/U
2. Sexual selection in a species may result in which of the following? (8.1) K/U
(a) female territorial competitions
(b) larger males than females
(c) longer-lived, weaker males
(d) identical males and females
3. The driving force of evolution is
(a) the action of natural selection upon beneficial mutations
(b) consequences of human influence
(c) climate change
(d) genetic drift (8.1) K/U
4. The evolution of a new species is called
(a) reproductive isolation
(b) genetic drift
(c) microevolution
(d) speciation (8.2) K/U
5. Patterns of evolution include which of the following? (8.3) K/U
(a) adaptive radiation
(b) divergent evolution
(c) convergent evolution
(d) all of the above
6. The Cambrian explosion was
(a) Earth's first mass extinction event
(b) a period of rapid evolution and species diversification
(c) the beginning of life on Earth
(d) the reason for the extinction of the dinosaurs (8.5) K/U
7. Humans are
(a) primates
(b) anthropoids
(c) hominids
(d) all of the above (8.7) K/U
8. All early hominids evolved in and lived in
(a) Eurasia
(b) Africa
(c) North America
(d) Mesopotamia (8.7) K/U
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true.
9. Evolution occurs when natural selection acts upon the genetic variation in an individual. (8.1) K/U
10. Artificial selection is the favouring of any trait that specifically enhances the mating success of an individual. (8.1) K/U
11. Not all evolutionary changes are the result of natural selection. (8.1) K/U
12. Hardy and Weinberg used mathematical reasoning to explain that in large populations where only chance is at work, allele frequencies tend to stay constant. (8.1) K/U
13. Prezygotic mechanisms and postzygotic mechanisms prevent different species from interbreeding while living in the same area. (8.2) K/U
14. Sympatric speciation may occur after members of an original species become geographically isolated from each other. (8.2) K/U
15. A species undergoes coevolution when its evolutionary success is closely linked with that of another species. (8.3) K/U
16. Human activities are causing an increase in the rate of extinctions. (8.4) K/U
17. Synapomorphy is a method of determining evolutionary relationships based on recently evolved traits. (8.5) K/U
18. The theory of punctuated equilibrium states that as new species evolve, they appear similar to the original species and only gradually become more distinctive. (8.5) K/U
19. Archaeopteryx, Aetiocetus, and Tiktaalik roseae are considered transitional species. (8.5, 8.6) K/U
REVIEW
32. It is often easy to speculate about the selective pressures that have been at work over hundreds of generations and thousands of years. For each trait, describe the selective pressures that might have given rise to it. (8.1) K/U A
(a) the giraffe's long neck
(b) the cheetah's amazing speed
(c) the snake's unlocking jaw
34. Not all evolutionary changes are the result of natural selection. What is one way for an evolutionary change to occur without being the result of natural selection? Give an example of such a change. (8.1) K/U T/I
35. Changes that occur within species are sometimes relatively easy to understand. Natural selection favours certain characteristics in each species. (8.2) T/I A
(a) What factors lead to speciation?
(b) Describe how an entirely new species might evolve.
39. Though any type of evolution involves the change in a species over time, convergent evolution is very different from divergent evolution. (8.3) K/U T/I
(a) Describe what is meant by the term "convergent evolution."
(b) Explain why dolphins and sharks are a good example of convergent evolution.
41. (a) Describe what is meant by the term "mass extinction."
(b) What instances have there been of such a phenomenon over time?
(c) What can cause or what has caused a mass extinction? (8.5) K/U T/I
58. A number of human activities are causing the rapid acceleration in the rate of species extinction. These activities pose a serious threat to the biodiversity of life on Earth and the sustainability of natural resources. (8.4) T/I A
(a) Choose one human activity that you know has resulted in or may some day result in a single species or multiple species extinctions.
(b) Hypothesize as to how the human action or actions you discussed can be altered or reversed to pose less of a threat to other species.
70. Devise a fictitious ecosystem in which an animal species is directly influenced by a plant species to the point that the evolution of the animal species is altered. Structure the coevolutionary relationship such that the animal species is, over time, changed into a species that is unrecognizable compared to its original form. How did this occur? What role did the plant species play? (8.3) T/I C A
71. Pick any two species that you know to be closely related and argue that there is a "missing link" between them. Demonstrate by describing the two closely related species and showing that they are actually not so similar in characteristics, appearance, or biological makeup or structure. Support your argument with facts from your reading of this chapter. (8.5) K/U T/I A
72. Explain how human cultural evolution influences human biological evolution. Use specific knowledge from your reading of the chapter in your answer. (8.7) K/U T/I C