Part A) Knowledge/Understanding [58 marks] Multiple Choice: For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives. (20 marks)
1. Which of the following is another name for biologically inherited information? (a) evolutionary information (b) genetic information (c) morphologic information (d) behavioural information
2. The physical and behavioural changes that occur in an entire population over time are referred to as (a) hybridization (b) structural changes (c) genetic changes (d) evolutionary changes
3. What are the cell walls of fungi made up of? (a) mycelium (b) chitin (c) hyphae (d) cellulose
4. The symbiotic relationship called mycorrhiza is a relationship between fungi and what? (a) animals (b) bacteria (c) plants (d) protists
5. Which of the following groups of plants evolved most recently? (a) nonvascular plants (b) gymnosperms (c) seedless vascular plants (d) angiosperms
6. Which of the following characteristics best describes a bryophyte? (a) low to the ground (b) has a woody stem (c) lives in ecosystems with almost no moisture (d) produces large flowers
7. What role do fungi play in ecosystems? (a) producers (b) nitrogen fixers (c) decomposers (d) top carnivores
8. What substance is contained in large amounts in the cell walls of plants? (a) chitin (b) chlorophyll (c) cellulose (d) cotyledon
9. Which term describes a plant in the diploid stage? (a) sporophyte (b) larva (c) gametophyte (d) spore
10. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are all examples of what? (a) lycophytes (b) gymnosperms (c) bryophytes (d) pterophytes
11. Which of the following plant structures is the most important human food source? (a) roots (b) stems (c) leaves (d) seeds
12. Which pair of characteristics could be used to describe all animals? (a) multicellular, heterotrophic (b) invertebrate, marine (c) eukaryotic, radial symmetry (d) segmented bodies, photosynthetic
13. In which of the following is seaweed, a multicellular protist, commonly used? (a) fertilizers (b) toothpastes (c) cosmetics (d) all of the above
14. Which of the following is the name given to animals that do not have backbones or notochords? (a) invertebrates (b) vertebrates (c) chordates (d) amphibians
15. Which of the following groups do humans belong to? (a) invertebrates (b) chordates (c) echinoderms (d) protostomes
16. Which of the following is true of all organic chemicals? (a) They all have an abiotic origin. (b) They all contain carbon. (c) None are produced by living things. (d) all of the above
17. What is a virus that infects bacteria cells called? (a) a viroid (b) a prion (c) a capsid (d) a bacteriophage
18. Which of the following is true of a zygote? (a) It is formed by the fusion of four sex cells. (b) It is diploid. (c) It is haploid. (d) It is a spore.
19. Which of the following dominates most of the land on Earth? (a) mammals (b) insects (c) fungi (d) plants
20. Which is the only animal with a body that lacks any true symmetry?
(a) human
(b) whale
(c) sponge
(d) snake
True or False: Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true. (20 marks)
21. Most biologists define a species as a group whose members are able to freely breed among themselves under natural conditions.
22. The best criteria to use for classifying organisms do not depend on the purpose of the classification system.
23. Pandemics are usually smaller in scale and global impact than epidemics.
24. The only characteristic that all protists share is that they are not animals, plants, or fungi.
25. Along with bacteria, fungi are the major decomposers on Earth. They are responsible for much of the cycling of nutrients through the biosphere.
26. Most plant species are aquatic and live in Earth's oceans.
27. Seed plants are restricted to reproduction over small distances and in wet conditions.
28. Fungi carry out external digestion to get the nutrients they need to live.
29. Mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds are all vertebrates.
30. Like plants and fungi, animal cells have cell walls.
31. Fungi and animals are more closely related than fungi and plants.
32. Scientists believe that they have identified more than half of the total number of species of prokaryotes.
33. Each hypha in the body of a fungus has a single nucleus.
34. Plants evolved from green algae.
35. In a plant life cycle, the gametophyte stage is diploid.
36. Seeds contain a plant embryo and a food supply for the embryo.
37. Porifera and Cnidaria are two types of vertebrate animals.
38. The waterproof amniotic egg is an example of an adaptation to a marine environment.
39. Yeast are fungi that are multicellular.
40. There are five major groups of plants.
Short Answer: Write a short answer to the questions below. Point form is acceptable. (18 marks)
41. Fungi were once placed in the same kingdom as plants. Give 3 pieces of evidence that suggests that fungi are very different from plants. (3 marks)
42. In the absence of oxygen, yeast ferment sugar to obtain energy. This process releases carbon dioxide gas and ethanol (an alcohol). What are 2 ways in which humans take advantage of this process in the manufacturing of foods and beverages? (2 marks)
43. Plants are thought to have evolved from charophytes. List 2 features shared by plants and charophytes that are not shared with most other eukaryotes. (2 marks)
44. Animals, plants, and fungi are all multicellular eukaryotes. Name 3 unifying characteristics that distinguish animals from members of these other two kingdoms. (3 marks)
45. Which body system does each of the three germ layers give rise to? (3 marks)
46. Identify a difference between the nuclei of the cells of fungi and the nuclei of the cells of most other eukaryotes. (2 marks)
47. Compare and contrast protostomes and deuterostomes. To which group do humans belong to? (3 marks)
Part B: Communication [8 marks] 48. Explain how 3 of the following adaptations dramatically enhanced the success of land plants (3 marks): a) vascular tissue b) animal pollination c) pollen grains d) seeds e) fruit f) mycorrhiza
49. What five major evolutionary advances are shared by all mammals, reptiles, and birds? Explain the benefit of each advance. (5 marks)
Part C: Application [9 marks] 50. Make a clear distinction between individual variability and evolutionary change. You are very different from many of your classmates, but you are also very different from someone who lived 20 000 years ago, from whom you are directly descended. Examine both individual variability and evolutionary change, and explain how they are different. (4 marks)
51. Some fungi have fascinating symbiotic relationships with animals. (a) Explain what it means to have a symbiotic relationship with another organism. (1 mark) (b) Describe a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and another organism or species (2 marks) (c) Compare the symbiotic relationship you discussed above with one that you have as a human with another species. (2 marks)
Part A) Knowledge/Understanding [58 marks]
Multiple Choice: For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives. (20 marks)
1. Which of the following is another name for biologically inherited information?
(a) evolutionary information
(b) genetic information
(c) morphologic information
(d) behavioural information
2. The physical and behavioural changes that occur in an entire population over time are referred to as
(a) hybridization
(b) structural changes
(c) genetic changes
(d) evolutionary changes
3. What are the cell walls of fungi made up of?
(a) mycelium
(b) chitin
(c) hyphae
(d) cellulose
4. The symbiotic relationship called mycorrhiza is a relationship between fungi and what?
(a) animals
(b) bacteria
(c) plants
(d) protists
5. Which of the following groups of plants evolved most recently?
(a) nonvascular plants
(b) gymnosperms
(c) seedless vascular plants
(d) angiosperms
6. Which of the following characteristics best describes a bryophyte?
(a) low to the ground
(b) has a woody stem
(c) lives in ecosystems with almost no moisture
(d) produces large flowers
7. What role do fungi play in ecosystems?
(a) producers
(b) nitrogen fixers
(c) decomposers
(d) top carnivores
8. What substance is contained in large amounts in the cell walls of plants?
(a) chitin
(b) chlorophyll
(c) cellulose
(d) cotyledon
9. Which term describes a plant in the diploid stage?
(a) sporophyte
(b) larva
(c) gametophyte
(d) spore
10. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are all examples of what?
(a) lycophytes
(b) gymnosperms
(c) bryophytes
(d) pterophytes
11. Which of the following plant structures is the most important human food source?
(a) roots
(b) stems
(c) leaves
(d) seeds
12. Which pair of characteristics could be used to describe all animals?
(a) multicellular, heterotrophic
(b) invertebrate, marine
(c) eukaryotic, radial symmetry
(d) segmented bodies, photosynthetic
13. In which of the following is seaweed, a multicellular protist, commonly used?
(a) fertilizers
(b) toothpastes
(c) cosmetics
(d) all of the above
14. Which of the following is the name given to animals that do not have backbones or notochords?
(a) invertebrates
(b) vertebrates
(c) chordates
(d) amphibians
15. Which of the following groups do humans belong to?
(a) invertebrates
(b) chordates
(c) echinoderms
(d) protostomes
16. Which of the following is true of all organic chemicals?
(a) They all have an abiotic origin.
(b) They all contain carbon.
(c) None are produced by living things.
(d) all of the above
17. What is a virus that infects bacteria cells called?
(a) a viroid
(b) a prion
(c) a capsid
(d) a bacteriophage
18. Which of the following is true of a zygote?
(a) It is formed by the fusion of four sex cells.
(b) It is diploid.
(c) It is haploid.
(d) It is a spore.
19. Which of the following dominates most of the land on Earth?
(a) mammals
(b) insects
(c) fungi
(d) plants
20. Which is the only animal with a body that lacks any true symmetry?
(a) human
(b) whale
(c) sponge
(d) snake
True or False: Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true. (20 marks)
21. Most biologists define a species as a group whose members are able to freely breed among themselves under natural conditions.
22. The best criteria to use for classifying organisms do not depend on the purpose of the classification system.
23. Pandemics are usually smaller in scale and global impact than epidemics.
24. The only characteristic that all protists share is that they are not animals, plants, or fungi.
25. Along with bacteria, fungi are the major decomposers on Earth. They are responsible for much of the cycling of nutrients through the biosphere.
26. Most plant species are aquatic and live in Earth's oceans.
27. Seed plants are restricted to reproduction over small distances and in wet conditions.
28. Fungi carry out external digestion to get the nutrients they need to live.
29. Mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds are all vertebrates.
30. Like plants and fungi, animal cells have cell walls.
31. Fungi and animals are more closely related than fungi and plants.
32. Scientists believe that they have identified more than half of the total number of species of prokaryotes.
33. Each hypha in the body of a fungus has a single nucleus.
34. Plants evolved from green algae.
35. In a plant life cycle, the gametophyte stage is diploid.
36. Seeds contain a plant embryo and a food supply for the embryo.
37. Porifera and Cnidaria are two types of vertebrate animals.
38. The waterproof amniotic egg is an example of an adaptation to a marine environment.
39. Yeast are fungi that are multicellular.
40. There are five major groups of plants.
Short Answer: Write a short answer to the questions below. Point form is acceptable. (18 marks)
41. Fungi were once placed in the same kingdom as plants. Give 3 pieces of evidence that suggests that fungi are very different from plants. (3 marks)
42. In the absence of oxygen, yeast ferment sugar to obtain energy. This process releases carbon dioxide gas and ethanol (an alcohol). What are 2 ways in which humans take advantage of this process in the manufacturing of foods and beverages? (2 marks)
43. Plants are thought to have evolved from charophytes. List 2 features shared by plants and charophytes that are not shared with most other eukaryotes. (2 marks)
44. Animals, plants, and fungi are all multicellular eukaryotes. Name 3 unifying characteristics that distinguish animals from members of these other two kingdoms. (3 marks)
45. Which body system does each of the three germ layers give rise to? (3 marks)
46. Identify a difference between the nuclei of the cells of fungi and the nuclei of the cells of most other eukaryotes. (2 marks)
47. Compare and contrast protostomes and deuterostomes. To which group do humans belong to? (3 marks)
Part B: Communication [8 marks]
48. Explain how 3 of the following adaptations dramatically enhanced the success of land plants (3 marks):
a) vascular tissue
b) animal pollination
c) pollen grains
d) seeds
e) fruit
f) mycorrhiza
49. What five major evolutionary advances are shared by all mammals, reptiles, and birds? Explain the benefit of each advance. (5 marks)
Part C: Application [9 marks]
50. Make a clear distinction between individual variability and evolutionary change. You are very different from many of your classmates, but you are also very different from someone who lived 20 000 years ago, from whom you are directly descended. Examine both individual variability and evolutionary change, and explain how they are different. (4 marks)
51. Some fungi have fascinating symbiotic relationships with animals.
(a) Explain what it means to have a symbiotic relationship with another organism. (1 mark)
(b) Describe a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and another organism or species (2 marks)
(c) Compare the symbiotic relationship you discussed above with one that you have as a human with another species. (2 marks)